Physics 500 Lab Answer Key

Laboratory in Livermore, California, Us

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Motto	"Science and Technology on a mission."
Established	1952 by UC Berkeley; 70 years ago
Enquiry type	Nuclear and basic scientific discipline
Budget	$one.5 billion
Director	Kimberly S. Budil
Staff	7,909
Location	Livermore, California, U.South. 37°41′N 121°43′Westward  /  37.69°North 121.71°W  / 37.69; -121.71 Coordinates: 37°41′Due north 121°43′Due west  /  37.69°Northward 121.71°W  / 37.69; -121.71
Campus	1 square mile (two.6 kmii)
Operating agency	Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC
Website	www.llnl.gov www.llnsllc.com
Map
Location in California

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is a federal research facility in Livermore, California, United States, founded by the University of California, Berkeley in 1952. Originally a co-operative of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Lawrence Livermore laboratory became democratic in 1971 and was designated a national laboratory in 1981.^[ane]

A Federally Funded Research and Development Centre (FFRDC), Lawrence Livermore lab is primarily funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and it is managed privately and operated by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (LLNS; a partnership of the University of California), Bechtel, BWX Technologies, AECOM, and Battelle Memorial Plant in amalgamation with the Texas A&K University Organization.^[2] In 2012, the laboratory had the synthetic chemical element livermorium (element 116) named subsequently it.

Overview [edit]

Aeriform view of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

LLNL is cocky-described as a "premier research and development institution for science and technology applied to national security."^[3] Its principal responsibility is ensuring the safety, security and reliability of the nation's nuclear weapons through the application of advanced science, engineering science, and technology. The laboratory besides applies its special expertise and multidisciplinary capabilities towards preventing the proliferation and use of weapons of mass destruction, bolstering homeland security, and solving other nationally important problems, including energy and environmental needs, scientific enquiry and outreach, and economic competitiveness.

The laboratory is located on a 1 sq. mi.(2.six kmⁱⁱ) site at the eastern border of Livermore. Information technology also operates a 7,000 acres (28 km²) remote experimental test site known every bit Site 300, situated almost fifteen miles (24 km) southeast of the main lab site. LLNL has an annual budget of almost $2.seven billion and a staff of roughly seven,400 employees.^[4]

History [edit]

Origins [edit]

LLNL was established in 1952, as the University of California Radiation Laboratory at Livermore, an offshoot of the existing UC Radiations Laboratory at Berkeley. It was intended to spur innovation and provide competition to the nuclear weapon design laboratory at Los Alamos in New Mexico, home of the Manhattan Project that developed the first atomic weapons. Edward Teller and Ernest Lawrence, director of the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley, are regarded as the co-founders of the Livermore facility.^[v]

The new laboratory was sited at a former naval air station of World War II. Information technology was already home to several UC Radiations Laboratory projects that were too large for its location in the Berkeley Hills in a higher place the UC campus, including 1 of the outset experiments in the magnetic arroyo to bars thermonuclear reactions (i.e. fusion). Nigh one-half an hour southeast of Berkeley, the Livermore site provided much greater security for classified projects than an urban academy campus.

Lawrence tapped his former graduate student Herbert York, age 32, to run Livermore. Nether York, the Lab had four principal programs: Project Sherwood (the magnetic-fusion programme), Project Whitney (the weapons-design plan), diagnostic weapon experiments (both for the Los Alamos and Livermore laboratories), and a basic physics plan. York and the new lab embraced the Lawrence "large science" approach, tackling challenging projects with physicists, chemists, engineers, and computational scientists working together in multidisciplinary teams. Lawrence died in Baronial 1958 and shortly after, the academy's board of regents named both laboratories for him, as the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory.

Historically, the Berkeley and Livermore laboratories have had very shut relationships on research projects, business organization operations, and staff. The Livermore Lab was established initially every bit a co-operative of the Berkeley laboratory. The Livermore lab was not officially severed administratively from the Berkeley lab until 1971. To this day, in official planning documents and records, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is designated as Site 100, Lawrence Livermore National Lab as Site 200, and LLNL's remote test location as Site 300.^[6]

Renaming [edit]

The laboratory was renamed Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) in 1971. On October 1, 2007 LLNS assumed management of LLNL from the University of California, which had exclusively managed and operated the Laboratory since its inception 55 years before. The laboratory was honored in 2012 by having the synthetic chemic element livermorium named afterward it. The LLNS takeover of the laboratory has been controversial. In May 2013, an Alameda County jury awarded over $2.7 meg to five former laboratory employees who were among 430 employees LLNS laid off during 2008.^[7] The jury establish that LLNS breached a contractual obligation to end the employees only for "reasonable cause."^[eight] The v plaintiffs as well have pending age bigotry claims against LLNS, which will be heard by a different jury in a split up trial.^[9] There are 125 co-plaintiffs awaiting trial on like claims against LLNS.^[10] The May 2008 layoff was the first layoff at the laboratory in nearly forty years.^[nine]

On March 14, 2011, the City of Livermore officially expanded the city'south boundaries to annex LLNL and movement it within the city limits. The unanimous vote by the Livermore city council expanded Livermore'southward southeastern boundaries to cover 15 land parcels covering 1,057 acres (4.28 kmⁱⁱ) that comprise the LLNL site. The site was formerly an unincorporated area of Alameda Canton. The LLNL campus continues to be owned by the federal regime.

Major projects [edit]

Nuclear weapons [edit]

From its inception, Livermore focused on new weapon design concepts; as a result, its get-go three nuclear tests were unsuccessful. The lab persevered and its subsequent designs proved increasingly successful. In 1957, the Livermore Lab was selected to develop the warhead for the Navy'south Polaris missile. This warhead required numerous innovations to fit a nuclear warhead into the relatively small confines of the missile nosecone.^[11]

During the Common cold War, many Livermore-designed warheads entered service. These were used in missiles ranging in size from the Lance surface-to-surface tactical missile to the megaton-class Spartan antiballistic missile. Over the years, LLNL designed the following warheads: W27 (Regulus cruise missile; 1955; joint with Los Alamos), W38 (Atlas/Titan ICBM; 1959), B41 (B52 flop; 1957), W45 (Petty John/Terrier missiles; 1956), W47 (Polaris SLBM; 1957), W48 (155-mm howitzer; 1957), W55 (submarine rocket; 1959), W56 (Minuteman ICBM; 1960), W58 (Polaris SLBM; 1960), W62 (Minuteman ICBM; 1964), W68 (Poseidon SLBM; 1966), W70 (Lance missile; 1969), W71 (Spartan missile; 1968), W79 (eight-in. arms gun; 1975), W82 (155-mm howitzer; 1978), B83 (modern strategic bomb; 1979), and W87 (LGM-118 Peacekeeper/MX ICBM; 1982). The W87 and the B83 are the simply LLNL designs withal in the U.Due south. nuclear stockpile.^{[12] [13] [14]}

With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the end of the Cold War, the Us began a moratorium on nuclear testing and evolution of new nuclear weapon designs. To sustain existing warheads for the indefinite time to come, a science-based Stockpile Stewardship Program (SSP) was defined that emphasized the evolution and application of greatly improved technical capabilities to assess the prophylactic, security, and reliability of existing nuclear warheads without the utilise of nuclear testing. Confidence in the performance of weapons, without nuclear testing, is maintained through an ongoing process of stockpile surveillance, assessment and certification, and refurbishment or weapon replacement.^{[15] [xvi]}

With no new designs of nuclear weapons, the warheads in the U.S. stockpile must continue to part far past their original expected lifetimes. As components and materials age, issues can arise. Stockpile Life Extension Programs can extend organisation lifetimes, just they also can introduce performance uncertainties and require maintenance of outdated technologies and materials. Considering there is concern that it will become increasingly difficult to maintain high conviction in the current warheads for the long term, the Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Administration initiated the Reliable Replacement Warhead (RRW) Programme. RRW designs could reduce uncertainties, ease maintenance demands, and enhance safe and security. In March 2007, the LLNL design was chosen for the Reliable Replacement Warhead.^[17] Since that time, Congress has non allocated funding for any further development of the RRW.

Plutonium inquiry [edit]

LLNL conducts inquiry into the properties and behavior of plutonium to learn how plutonium performs as it ages and how it behaves under high pressure level (e.g., with the touch of high explosives). Plutonium has seven temperature-dependent solid allotropes. Each possesses a different density and crystal structure. Alloys of plutonium are even more circuitous; multiple phases tin be present in a sample at any given fourth dimension. Experiments are existence conducted at LLNL and elsewhere to measure the structural, electric and chemical properties of plutonium and its alloys and to determine how these materials alter over time. Such measurements will enable scientists to better model and predict plutonium's long-term behavior in the aging stockpile.^[18]

The Lab'southward plutonium research is conducted in a specially designed facility called the SuperBlock, with emphasis on prophylactic and security. Work with highly enriched uranium is likewise conducted there. In March 2008, the National Nuclear Security Assistants (NNSA) presented its preferred culling for the transformation of the nation's nuclear weapons complex. Under this plan, LLNL would exist a center of excellence for nuclear design and engineering, a center of excellence for high explosive inquiry and development, and a science magnet in high-energy-density (i.e., laser) physics. In add-on, most of its special nuclear material would be removed and consolidated at a more than central, yet-to-be-named site.^[xix]

On September 30, 2009, the NNSA announced that most two thirds of the special nuclear material (e.g., plutonium) at LLNL requiring the highest level of security protection had been removed from LLNL. The move was part of NNSA's efforts initiated in October 2006 to consolidate special nuclear material at v sites by 2012, with significantly reduced square footage at those sites past 2017. The federally mandated project intends to improve security and reduce security costs, and is part of NNSA'southward overall effort to transform the Common cold War era "nuclear weapons" enterprise into a 21st-century "nuclear security" enterprise. The original appointment to remove all high-security nuclear material from LLNL, based on equipment capability and capacity, was 2014. NNSA and LLNL developed a timeline to remove this fabric as early equally possible, accelerating the target completion date to 2012.^[20]

Global security plan [edit]

The Lab's work in global security aims to reduce and mitigate the dangers posed by the spread or use of weapons of mass destruction and past threats to free energy and ecology security. Livermore has been working on global security and homeland security for decades, predating both the plummet of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the September eleven, 2001, terrorist attacks. LLNL staff have been heavily involved in the cooperative nonproliferation programs with Russia to secure at-hazard weapons materials and assistance erstwhile weapons workers in developing peaceful applications and cocky-sustaining job opportunities for their expertise and technologies.^[21] In the mid-1990s, Lab scientists began efforts to devise improved biodetection capabilities, leading to miniaturized and democratic instruments that tin can detect biothreat agents in a few minutes instead of the days to weeks previously required for DNA assay.^{[22] [23]}

Today, Livermore researchers accost a spectrum of threats – radiological/nuclear, chemical, biological, explosives, and cyber. They combine concrete and life sciences, applied science, computations, and analysis to develop technologies that solve real-earth problems. Activities are grouped into five programs:

• Nonproliferation. Preventing the spread of materials, technology, and expertise related to weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and detecting WMD proliferation activities worldwide.^[24]
• Domestic security: Anticipating, innovating and delivering technological solutions to prevent and mitigate devastating high-leverage attacks on U.South. soil.^{[25] [26] [27] [28]}
• Defence force: Developing and demonstrating new concepts and capabilities to help the Department of Defense force prevent and deter damage to the nation, its citizens and its armed forces forces.^{[29] [xxx]}
• Intelligence: Working at the intersection of science, technology, and analysis to provide insight into the threats to national security posed by strange entities.^[31]
• Energy and environmental security: Furnishing scientific agreement and technological expertise to devise energy and ecology solutions at global, regional and local scales.^{[32] [33]}

Other programs [edit]

LLNL supports capabilities in a broad range of scientific and technical disciplines, applying current capabilities to existing programs and developing new science and technologies to meet future national needs.

• The LLNL chemical science, materials, and life science research focuses on chemic engineering, nuclear chemical science, materials science, and biology and bio-nanotechnology.
• Physics thrust areas include condensed matter and high-pressure level physics, optical science and high energy density physics, medical physics and biophysics, and nuclear, particle and accelerator physics.
• In the surface area of free energy and environmental science, Livermore's emphasis is on carbon and climate, energy, water and the environment, and the national nuclear waste repository.
• The LLNL engineering activities include micro- and nanotechnology, lasers and optics, biotechnology, precision engineering, nondestructive characterization, modeling and simulation, systems and decision science, and sensors, imaging and communications.
• The LLNL is very stiff in calculator science, with thrust areas in computing applications and enquiry, integrated calculating and communications systems, and cyber security.

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has worked out several free energy technologies in the field of coal gasification, shale oil extraction, geothermal energy, advanced battery research, solar energy, and fusion energy. Main oil shale processing technologies worked out by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are LLNL HRS (hot-recycled-solid), LLNL Rising (in situ extraction technology) and LLNL radiofrequency technologies.^[34]

Central accomplishments [edit]

Over its 60-twelvemonth history, Lawrence Livermore has fabricated many scientific and technological achievements, including:

• Disquisitional contributions to the U.Due south. nuclear deterrence effort through the design of nuclear weapons to meet armed services requirements and, since the mid-1990s, through the stockpile stewardship program, by which the safety and reliability of the enduring stockpile is ensured without underground nuclear testing.
• Design, structure, and performance of a series of ever larger, more powerful, and more capable light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation systems, culminating in the 192-beam National Ignition Facility (NIF), completed in 2009.
• Advances in particle accelerator and fusion engineering science, including magnetic fusion, free-electron lasers, accelerator mass spectrometry, and inertial confinement fusion.
• Breakthroughs in high-performance computing, including the development of novel concepts for massively parallel calculating and the design and application of computers that tin carry out hundreds of trillions of operations per second.
• Evolution of technologies and systems for detecting nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological, and explosive threats to preclude and mitigate WMD proliferation and terrorism.
• Development of extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) for fabricating next-generation estimator fries.
• Starting time-e'er detection of massive compact halo objects (MACHOs), a suspected only previously undetected component of dark affair.
• Advances in genomics, biotechnology, and biodetection, including major contributions to the complete sequencing of the human genome though the Joint Genome Institute and the evolution of rapid PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technology that lies at the center of today's most advanced Dna detection instruments.
• Evolution and operation of the National Atmospheric Release Informational Eye (NARAC), which provides real-fourth dimension, multi-scale (global, regional, local, urban) modeling of hazardous materials released into the atmosphere.
• Development of highest resolution global climate models and contributions to the International Panel on Climate Change which, together with former vice president Al Gore, was awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.
• Co-discoverers of new superheavy elements 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, and 118.
• Invention of new healthcare technologies, including a microelectrode array for construction of an artificial retina, a miniature glucose sensor for the treatment of diabetes, and a compact proton therapy system for radiation therapy.

On July 17, 2009 LLNL announced that the Laboratory had received viii R&D 100 Awards – more than it had ever received in the annual competition. The previous LLNL record of seven awards was reached v times – in 1987, 1988, 1997, 1998 and 2006.

Also known every bit the "Oscars of invention," the awards are given each twelvemonth for the development of cutting-edge scientific and engineering technologies with commercial potential. The awards raise LLNL's total number of awards since 1978 to 129.

On October 12, 2016, LLNL released the results of computerized modeling of Mars'due south moon Phobos, finding that it has a connectedness with keeping the Earth safe from asteroids.^[35]

Key facilities [edit]

• Biosecurity and Nanoscience Laboratory. Researchers apply advances in nanoscience to develop novel technologies for the detection, identification, and characterization of harmful biological pathogens (viruses, spores, and leaner) and chemical toxins.
• Heart for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: LLNL's Middle for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (CAMS) develops and applies a broad range of isotopic and ion-beam analytical tools used in basic enquiry and engineering science development, addressing a spectrum of scientific needs important to the Laboratory, the academy customs, and the nation. CAMS is the world's nigh versatile and productive accelerator mass spectrometry facility, performing more than 25,000 AMS measurement operations per yr.
• Loftier Explosives Applications Facility and Energetic Materials Heart: At HEAF, teams of scientists, engineers, and technicians address virtually all aspects of loftier explosives: research, evolution and testing, fabric label, and performance and safety tests. HEAF activities support the Laboratory's Energetic Materials Center, a national resource for research and development of explosives, pyrotechnics, and propellants.
• National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center: NARAC is a national support and resources heart for planning, real-fourth dimension assessment, emergency response, and detailed studies of incidents involving a wide variety of hazards, including nuclear, radiological, chemic, biological, and natural atmospheric emissions.
• National Ignition Facility: This 192-beam, stadium-size laser arrangement is used to shrink fusion targets to conditions required for thermonuclear fire. Experiments at NIF study concrete processes at atmospheric condition that be only in the interior of stars and in exploding nuclear weapons (meet National Ignition Facility and photon science).
• Superblock: This unique high-security facility houses modernistic equipment for research and engineering testing of nuclear materials and is the place where plutonium expertise is adult, nurtured, and applied. Research on highly enriched uranium also is performed here.
• Livermore Computing Complex: LLNL's Livermore Computing Complex houses some of the world's most powerful computers, including the xx petaflop Sequoia, the 5-petaflop Vulcan system; Jade and Quartz systems at three petaflops each; the 970-teraflop Zin system; 431-teraflop Cab organisation; and additional large multi-core, multi-socket Linux clusters with various processor types. The newest car, Sierra, occupied the No. 3 position on the TOP500 list in June 2018.^[36] The complex has nearly 10,000 square anxiety of machine floor space, supporting both classified and unclassified national security programs.
• Titan Laser: Titan is a combined nanosecond-long pulse and ultrashort-pulse (subpicosecond) laser, with hundreds of joules of energy in each beam. This petawatt-form laser is used for a range of loftier-free energy density physics experiments, including the science of fast ignition for inertial confinement fusion free energy.

Largest computers [edit]

Throughout its history, LLNL has been a leader in computers and scientific computing. Even earlier the Livermore Lab opened its doors, Due east.O. Lawrence and Edward Teller recognized the importance of computing and the potential of computational simulation. Their purchase of i of the first UNIVAC computers set the precedent for LLNL'due south history of acquiring and exploiting the fastest and nigh capable supercomputers in the world. A succession of increasingly powerful and fast computers have been used at the Lab over the years. LLNL researchers utilize supercomputers to answer questions almost subjects such equally materials scientific discipline simulations, global warming, and reactions to natural disasters.

LLNL has a long history of developing computing software and systems. Initially, there was no commercially available software, and computer manufacturers considered it the customer's responsibleness to develop their own. Users of the early computers had to write not only the codes to solve their technical problems, but also the routines to run the machines themselves. Today, LLNL calculator scientists focus on creating the highly complex physics models, visualization codes, and other unique applications tailored to specific research requirements. A great deal of software also has been written past LLNL personnel to optimize the operation and management of the computer systems, including operating systems such as TOSS, operating system extensions such as Chaos (Linux Clustering), and resource management packages such as SLURM.^[37] LLNL likewise initiated and continues leading the evolution of ZFS on Linux, the official port of ZFS to the Linux operating system.^{[38] [39]}

Livermore Valley Open Campus (LVOC) [edit]

In August 2009, a joint venture was announced between Sandia National Laboratories/California campus and LLNL to create an open up, unclassified research and development space called the Livermore Valley Open Campus (LVOC). The motivation for the LVOC stems from current and time to come national security challenges that crave increased coupling to the individual sector to understand threats and deploy solutions in areas such as high performance computing, free energy and environmental security, cyber security, economical security, and non-proliferation.

The LVOC is modeled later inquiry and development campuses found at major industrial research parks and other U.Southward. Department of Free energy laboratories with campus-like security, a set of concern and operating rules devised to heighten and advance international scientific collaboration and partnerships with U.South. government agencies, industry and academia. Ultimately, the LVOC will consist of an approximately 110-acre bundle along the eastern border of the Livermore Laboratory and Sandia sites, and will house additional conference space, collaboration facilities and a visitor's center to support educational and research activities.

Objectives of LVOC

• Heighten the ii laboratories' national security missions past substantially increasing engagement with the private sector and academic customs.
• Stay at the forefront of the science, technology and engineering fields.
• Ensure a quality future workforce past expanding opportunities for open engagement of the broader scientific community.

[edit]

LLNL'south chief sponsor is the Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Assistants (DOE/NNSA) Role of Defense Programs, which supports its stockpile stewardship and advanced scientific computing programs. Funding to support LLNL's global security and homeland security work comes from the DOE/NNSA Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, as well every bit the Section of Homeland Security. LLNL besides receives funding from DOE'south Office of Science, Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Direction, and Role of Nuclear Energy. In addition, LLNL conducts work-for-others research and evolution for diverse Defense Department sponsors, other federal agencies, including NASA, Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), National Institutes of Health, and Ecology Protection Agency, a number of California State agencies, and private industry.^{[ citation needed ]}

Upkeep [edit]

For Fiscal Twelvemonth 2009 LLNL spent $1.497 billion^[xl] on enquiry and laboratory operations activities:

Enquiry/Science Upkeep:

• National Ignition Facility – $301.1 million
• Nuclear Weapon Deterrent (Safety/Security/Reliability) – $227.2 million
• Advance Simulation and Computing – $221.ix 1000000
• Nonproliferation – $152.2 million
• Department of Defense – $125.9 1000000
• Basic and Applied Science – $86.6 one thousand thousand
• Homeland Security – $83.9 million
• Energy – $22.four million

Site Direction/Operations Upkeep:

• Safeguards/Security – $126.5 one thousand thousand
• Facility Operations – $118.ii million
• Environmental Restoration – $27.3 meg

Directors [edit]

The LLNL Director is appointed by the board of governors of Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (LLNS) and reports to the board. The laboratory manager also serves as the president of LLNS. Over the course of its history, the post-obit scientists have served as LLNL director:

• 1952–1958   Herbert York
• 1958–1960   Edward Teller
• 1960–1961   Harold Brownish
• 1961–1965   John S. Foster, Jr.
• 1965–1971   Michael M. May
• 1971–1988   Roger Eastward. Batzel
• 1988–1994   John H. Nuckolls
• 1994–2002   C. Bruce Tarter
• 2002–2006   Michael R. Anastasio
• 2006–2011   George H. Miller^[41]
• 2011–2013   Penrose C. Albright^[42]
• 2013–2014   Bret Knapp, acting managing director ^[43]
• 2014–2021 William H. Goldstein^[44]
• 2021–present   Kimberly S. Budil

Arrangement [edit]

The LLNL Director is supported by a senior executive team consisting of the Deputy Manager, the Deputy Director for Scientific discipline and Engineering science, Primary Associate Directors, and other senior executives who manage areas/functions direct reporting to the Laboratory Director.

The Directors Role is organized into these functional areas/offices:

• Master Information Office
• Contractor Balls and Continuous Improvement
• Environment, Safety and Wellness
• Government and External Relations
• Independent Audit and Oversight
• Office of General Counsel
• Prime Contract Management Office
• Quality Assurance Office
• Security Organization
• LLNS, LLC Parent Oversight Role

The Laboratory is organized into 4 principal directorates, each headed by a Principal Associate Manager:

• Global Security
• Weapons and Circuitous Integration
• National Ignition Facility and Photon Scientific discipline
• Operations and Business
  • Business
  • Facilities & Infrastructure
  • Institutional Facilities Management
  • Integrated Condom Management System Projection Office
  • Nuclear Operations
  • Planning and Financial Management
  • Staff Relations
  • Strategic Human being Resources Management

Three other directorates are each headed by an Acquaintance Manager who reports to the LLNL Managing director:

• Computation
• Engineering science
• Concrete & Life Sciences

Corporate management [edit]

The LLNL Director reports to the Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (LLNS) Lath of Governors, a group of key scientific, bookish, national security and business organization leaders from the LLNS partner companies that jointly ain and control LLNS. The LLNS Board of Governors has a total of 16 positions, with half dozen of these Governors constituting an Executive Commission. All decisions of the Board are made by the Governors on the Executive Commission. The other Governors are informational to the Executive Commission and do not have voting rights.

The Academy of California is entitled to appoint three Governors to the Executive Committee, including the Chair. Bechtel is also entitled to appoint three Governors to the Executive Commission, including the Vice Chair. One of the Bechtel Governors must exist a representative of Babcock & Wilcox (B&Due west) or the Washington Partitioning of URS Corporation (URS), who is nominated jointly by B&Due west and URS each year, and who must be approved and appointed by Bechtel. The Executive Committee has a 7th Governor who is appointed past Battelle; they are non-voting and advisory to the Executive Committee. The remaining Board positions are known equally Independent Governors (likewise referred to as Outside Governors), and are selected from amidst individuals, preferably of national stature, and tin not be employees or officers of the partner companies.

The Academy of California-appointed Chair has tie-breaking authority over well-nigh decisions of the Executive Committee. The Board of Governors is the ultimate governing body of LLNS and is charged with overseeing the affairs of LLNS in its operations and management of LLNL.

LLNS managers and employees who work at LLNL, up to and including the President/Laboratory Manager, are generally referred to as Laboratory Employees. All Laboratory Employees report directly or indirectly to the LLNS President. While most of the work performed by LLNL is funded by the federal government, Laboratory employees are paid past LLNS which is responsible for all aspects of their employment including providing wellness intendance benefits and retirement programs.

Within the Lath of Governors, authorization resides in the Executive Committee to exercise all rights, powers, and authorities of LLNS, excepting only certain decisions that are reserved to the parent companies. The LLNS Executive Commission is free to appoint officers or other managers of LLNS and LLNL, and may delegate its government as it deems appropriate to such officers, employees, or other representatives of LLNS/LLNL. The Executive Committee may also retain auditors, attorneys, or other professionals every bit necessary. For the nigh part the Executive Committee has appointed senior managers at LLNL as the primary officers of LLNS. As a applied matter most operational decisions are delegated to the President of LLNS, who is too the Laboratory Managing director. The positions of President/Laboratory Director and Deputy Laboratory Managing director are filled by joint action of the Chair and Vice Chair of the Executive Commission, with the University of California nominating the President/Laboratory Managing director and Bechtel nominating the Deputy Laboratory Managing director.^[45]

The current LLNS Chairman is Norman J. Pattiz, founder and chairman of Westwood 1, America'southward largest radio network, who as well currently serves on the Board of Regents of the Academy of California. The Vice Chairman is J. Scott Ogilvie, president of Bechtel Systems & Infrastructure, Inc., who besides serves on the Board of Directors of Bechtel Grouping, Inc. (BGI) and on the BGI Audit Committee.^[46]

Public protests [edit]

The Livermore Action committee organized many mass protests, from 1981 to 1984, confronting nuclear weapons which were being produced by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Peace activists Ken Nightingale and Eldred Schneider were involved.^[47] On June 22, 1982, more than one,300 anti-nuclear protesters were arrested in a nonviolent sit-in.^[48] More than recently, there has been an almanac protest against nuclear weapons enquiry at Lawrence Livermore. In August 2003, 1,000 people protested at Livermore Labs against "new-generation nuclear warheads".^[49] In the 2007 protestation, 64 people were arrested.^[50] More than 80 people were arrested in March 2008 while protesting at the gates.^[51]

On July 27, 2021, the Society of Professionals, Scientists, and Engineers – University of Professional & Technical Employees Local 11, CWA Local 9119, went on a three-day strike over unfair labor practices.

See also [edit]

• Centre for the Advocacy of Science in Space—operates the US National Laboratory on the ISS
• Dielectric wall accelerator
• List of articles associated with nuclear issues in California
• Top 100 Us Federal Contractors

Footnotes [edit]

1. ^ "Lawrence Livermore Laboratory". Physics History Network. American Institute of Physics. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
2. ^ "LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL SECURITY, LLC". www.llnsllc.com.
3. ^ "Missions". Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Feb 13, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
4. ^ "System". Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
5. ^ "History". Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
6. ^ Hacker, Bart (September 1998). "A Short History of the Laboratory at Livermore" (PDF). Science and Engineering Review. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 12–20.
7. ^ Garberson, Jeff (May 17, 2013). "Uncertain Legal Time to come: $2.7 Million Awarded To Old Lab Employees". The Independent. Livermore, California.
8. ^ Taves, Max (May 10, 2013). "Laid Off Lab Workers Awarded $2.viii 1000000". The Recorder. ALM.
9. ^ ^{a b} Egelko, Bob (May thirteen, 2013). "Livermore lab jury awards $2.7 million". San Francisco Chronicle.
10. ^ Jacobson, Todd (May 17, 2013). "5 Former Livermore Workers Receive $two.seven Million in Layoff Case". Nuclear Weapons & Materials Monitor. ExchangeMonitor Publications.
11. ^ Superhighway, John (April 27, 2005). "Weapons of Mass Destruction: Miniaturization". Global Security . Retrieved June 3, 2008.
12. ^ Sublette, Carey (October 14, 2006). "Consummate List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons". The Nuclear Weapon Archive . Retrieved March 19, 2008.
13. ^ Sublette, Carey (August 31, 2007). "U.S. Nuclear Weapon Indelible Stockpile". The Nuclear Weapon Archive . Retrieved March 19, 2008.
14. ^ "Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Stewardship". Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. February thirteen, 2008. Archived from the original on September xx, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
15. ^ "Stockpile Stewardship Program". wci.llnl.gov . Retrieved Feb 16, 2022.
16. ^ "Stockpile Stewardship at twenty Years". str.llnl.gov . Retrieved February sixteen, 2022.
17. ^ Lindlaw, Scott (March two, 2007). "Bush-league Administration Picks Lawrence Livermore Warhead Blueprint". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
18. ^ Parker, Ann (March 2001). "Plutonium Up Close ... Way Close" (PDF). Science and Technology Review. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 23–25.
19. ^ "Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Fact Canvas for NNSA Complex Transformation – Preferred Alternative" (PDF). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 20, 2008. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
20. ^ "NNSA Ships Additional Special Nuclear Fabric from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory as Part of Deinventory Project" (Press release). National Nuclear Security Assistants. September 30, 2009. ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
21. ^ Parker, Ann (November 2007). "Scientists without Borders" (PDF). Scientific discipline and Technology Review. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 22–25.
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References [edit]

• Tarter, C. Bruce (2018). The American lab: an insider's history of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN978-1421425313.
• Gusterson, Hugh (1996). Nuclear Rites: A Weapons Laboratory at the End of the Common cold State of war . Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN0-520-21373-four.
• The Stockpile Stewardship and Direction Plan: Maintaining Conviction in the Condom and Reliability of the Enduring U.Due south. Nuclear Weapon Stockpile (Report). U.S. Department of Free energy, Role of Defense Programs. May 1995.
• de Vore, Lauren, ed. (1992). Preparing for the 21st Century: 40 Years of Excellence (Report). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. UCRL-AR-108618.

External links and sources [edit]

• Official website
• Lawrence Livermore National Security, a Limited Liability Corporation (official website)
• "History of the Laboratory". LLNL. July 14, 2002. Archived from the original on October 12, 2006.
• Serving the Nation for Fifty Years: 1952–2002 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [LLNL], 50 Years of Accomplishments (PDF) (Report). LLNL. 2002. UCRL-AR-148833. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 15, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
• LLNL Industrial Partnerships and Commercialization (IPAC) (official website)
• University of California Function of Laboratory Management (official website)
• Society of Professionals, Scientists and Engineers (Spousal relationship representing UC Scientists and Engineers at LLNL)
• Academy of California LLNL Retiree Group (Legal Defence force Fund for UC Retirees from LLNL)
• Annotated bibliography for Livermore from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

Physics 500 Lab Answer Key,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory

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